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The expansion of digital financial services is reshaping business operations across developing economies. Using Bank Indonesia’s 2023 survey of over 5,000 enterprises, this study examines the role of financial digitalization in business performance and innovation among ultra-micro, micro, and small enterprises in Indonesia.
Participatory governance is commonly implemented as an ad hoc programme to empower the citizen. In limited cases, such as Indonesia, it is institutionalized into the state bureaucracy and implemented nationwide.
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This publication only available in Indonesian.
Suggested Citation
Bima, Luhur, Rezanti Putri Pramana, Dyan Widyaningsih, Hartika Arbiyanti, and Esha Adnan (2026) ‘Understanding Social Norms Related to Unpaid Care Work.’ Jakarta: The SMERU Research Institute <URL> [access date].
This chapter examines how circular economy practices enhance business productivity in Indonesia. Using large-scale local data, it finds that higher circularity is consistently associated with improved firm productivity, with the strongest effects observed in agriculture, particularly in value added and labour productivity.
