The initial aim of the school grants program in Indonesia (known as the School Operational Assistance/BOS Program) was to compensate the burden carried by the community, especially the poor, for the costs of education (elementary and junior high school) following the government’s decision to reduce fuel subsidies in 2005. This study is part of a regional research program on school grants, which includes field research in four countries in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and the Asia-Pacific, namely Indonesia, Timor-Leste, Mongolia, and Vanuatu.