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| Otonomi Daerah dan
Iklim Usaha Download Full Report Summary Throughout the period of centralized government under the New Order, regional government officials tended to be merely the "instruments" of central government directives, without sufficient scope to exercise their own authority. As a result, regional government officials believed that they were being constrained by the central government, and consequently each region aspired to become "the master of its own domain". One opportunity for regional government to achieve this was through managing local revenues (pendapatan asli daerah, PAD). Consequently, the local governments issued nearly two hundred of local regulations (peraturan daerah, perda) concerning taxes, levies, and other fees. In addition, regional governments also put in place various policies to regulate business activity, especially through the creation of non-tax barriers to trade. These policies included the allocation of zones to control the sale of tea in West Java, a citrus fruit trading monopoly in West Kalimantan, the marketing of local produce through Village Co-operatives (KUD) in East Nusa Tenggara, and a prohibition on the marketing or transportation of raw cashew nuts from South Sulawesi. Similar policies were also put in place by the central government including the establishment of a cloves monopoly by the Cloves Marketing Board (BPPC) and livestock inter-island trade quotas. In practice, all these various local regulations and government policies created "a high cost economy" which impeded economic development. This in turn had a negative effect on the business climate, weakening Indonesia's competitiveness. In the agricultural sector, this put pressure on prices at the level of farmers and producers and increased prices at the level of consumers. As a result of criticism from many quarters, the central government attempted to rectify this situation by releasing tax reform Law Number 18, 1997, which limited the kinds of taxes and levies that can be collected in the regions. Then as a result of the monetary crisis that occurred at the end of 1997, the Government of Indonesia signed a Letter of Intent (LoI) with the IMF on the 15 January, 1998 that promoted a program of deregulation by correcting all central and regional government policies that had previously distorted the economy, including the abolition of inter-regional trade restrictions. The monetary crisis which was then followed by the economic crisis, forced the central and regional governments to make every effort to implement both of the above measures. Various levies were abolished and those policies that had a negative impact on the market were abandoned. Both of these changes to government policy had a positive effect on the business climate, as well as improving farmers' incomes. But on the other hand, local governments believe that these policy changes have reduced their available sources of income. Consequently, many local governments have demanded that Law No. 18, 1997 be amended by the central government. These demands have been further strengthened by the existence of new policies on decentralization and regional autonomy as outlined in Law No.22, 1999 on Regional Government and Law No. 25, 1999 on the Fiscal Balance between the Central and Regional Government. Subsequently, the central government accepted the complaints of the regions by approving Law No. 34, 2000 which amends Law No. 18, 1997. This new law provides wider opportunities for the regions to issue local regulations concerning taxes and levies, while (in theory) still setting certain limits through the application of various strict conditions. The implementation of Law No. 22, 1999 and Law No. 25 1999 - supported by the spirit of reform - has increased the level of enthusiasm for regional autonomy at the kabupaten and kota level. Local government officials tend to regard local revenues as the key to the successful implementation of regional autonomy, and so various attempts are being made to increase PAD. As a result, the local governments have set about creating new perda with renewed zeal. The desire of the executive branch of local government to create new local taxes and levies has tended to attract strong support from the legislative branch (the DPRD) especially since its operational funds, including members' salaries, depends upon PAD. In certain regions enthusiasm for increasing PAD has intensified especially after the regions discovered that the General Allocation of Funds (DAU) from the central government does not meet all their needs. Till then the local governments had expected that the DAU would also provide sufficient funding for the regional development budget. However, many kabupaten have in fact only received enough DAU funds to cover the activities of their bureaucracy (routine expenditure including civil servants' salaries). The SMERU team conducted a study in the Province of North Sumatra to monitor the dynamics of the implementation of regional autonomy, and to assess its impact on the business climate. In addition to the province level SMERU visited three kabupaten: Karo, Simalungun, and Deli Serdang. These investigations reveal that the provincial government has not yet drafted any new regulations concerning regional taxes and levies, as it is still preoccupied with drafting the legislation regarding its own organizational structure. Furthermore, the provincial government is still waiting for the release of the technical regulations that will support the implementation of regional autonomy, many of which have not yet been released by the central government. The provincial government is reluctant to release local regulations which lack clarity. If it were to become apparent that local regulations are in conflict with the legislation issued by the central government, the process of revision would be a considerable waste of time and money. The provincial government, however, plans to raise revenues by obtaining a share of the profits from those State Enterprises (BUMN) operating in the region, especially from the state plantation company, PT Perkebunan Nasional, and from special contributions from large private plantations. Till now, plantation companies have been the pride of North Sumatra, but have never been regarded as a significant source of local revenue because most of the relevant taxes, including value-added taxes, have been collected by the central government. By contrast, following the release of the new policy on regional autonomy, the regional governments at the kabupaten level have begun to think seriously about ways to increase their local revenues. They consider that their financial capacity, especially their PAD, is the key to the successful implementation of regional autonomy. Consequently, the kabupaten governments have been very active in creating many new local regulations concerning taxes and levies. The SMERU team found that each of the three kabupaten visited were at different stages in the process of formulating those regulations. Kabupaten Deli Serdang has already enacted new perda and is currently preparing for their implementation. Kabupaten Simalungun has already drafted local regulations that are still being discussed by the DPRD. Meanwhile, Kabupaten Karo's executive branch is only at the stage of preparing its draft plan of local regulations. While the stage of their implementation may vary, the general impression from this study is that all kabupaten and kota throughout North Sumatra are currently attempting to increase their PAD through the creation of many types of taxes and levies. Within the next six months it is estimated that all these new regulations involving taxes and regional levies, will have been ratified and will be ready to be implemented in all kabupaten and kota. The SMERU team has found no significant evidence to this point of any steps by either the provincial or the kabupaten and kota governments to put in place policies to regulate trade in any particular commodity. The explanation given by the local government officials in Kabupaten Deli Serdang for the formulation of new perda on local taxes and levies is as follows:
The enthusiasm for the implementation of regional autonomy has provided the impetus for regional governments to introduce various forms of new regulations which often disregard central government legislation. While Law No. 18, 1997 remains in force, many regional governments have begun to use the excuse of regional autonomy to ignore this central government law (see point 4 above). Careful attention must be paid to the current situation, together with an effort to enforce central government legislation firmly. The central government has attempted this, but according to many in the regions, several central government laws on the implementation of regional autonomy are inconsistent or even in contravention of other higher legislation. For example, it is claimed that Presidential Decree No. 95, 2000, which revokes the authority of the kabupaten and kota over land matters, contravenes Article 11 Clause (2) of Law No. 22, 1999. Thus, in drafting their own regulations which are inconsistent with existing legislation, the regions seem to have learnt something from the central government's methods. Irrespective of these inconsistencies, the SMERU team has identified a worrying trend to revert to an excessive regulatory environment which will create a high cost economy. The burden of these numerous new local regulations will fall most heavily upon farmers, traders, small producers and consumers. Sepanjang era Orde Baru yang sentralistik, aparat daerah cenderung hanya menjadi "pelaksana" tugas-tugas pusat, tanpa ada ruang kewenangan yang memadai. Hal ini dirasakan oleh aparat daerah sebagai suatu kekangan, sehingga muncul keinginan untuk menampilkan diri sebagai "tuan di daerah sendiri." Salah satu kewenangan yang mendasar bagi pemda sebagai "tuan di daerah sendiri" adalah berupa kesempatan mengelola pendapatan asli daerah (PAD). Dalam kaitan itu, pemda menerbitkan berbagai perda tentang pajak, retribusi, dan pungutan lain yang jumlahnya mendekati 200 jenis. Di samping itu, pemda juga mengeluarkan berbagai kebijakan di seputar kegiatan usaha, terutama melalui pengaturan kegiatan perdagangan . Misalnya, kebijakan ini termasuk alokasi rayonisasi penjualan teh di Jawa Barat, monopoli perdagangan jeruk di Kalimantan Barat, pemasaran produk lokal melalui koperasi unit desa (KUD) di Nusa Tenggara Timur, dan pelarangan jual-beli biji mete gelondongan dari Sulawesi Selatan. Kebijakan serupa dikeluarkan juga oleh pusat, seperti pengaturan monopoli cengkeh oleh Badan Penyangga dan Pemasaran Cengkeh (BPPC) dan kuota perdagangan ternak antar pulau. Dalam prakteknya berbagai perda dan kebijakan tersebut menciptakan ekonomi biaya tinggi yang menghambat perkembangan ekonomi. Situasi ini pada gilirannya mengganggu iklim usaha dan memperlemah daya saing usaha di Indonesia. Di sektor pertanian keadaan itu berdampak menekan harga di tingkat petani dan produsen, serta meningkatkan harga di tingkat konsumen. Karena adanya kecaman dari banyak pihak, pemerintah pusat berusaha memperbaiki situasi itu dengan cara mengeluarkan perubahan pajak melalui Undang-undang (UU) No. 18, 1997 yang membatasi jenis pajak dan retribusi daerah. Krisis moneter yang terjadi sekitar akhir 1997 mendorong Pemerintah Indonesia menandatangani Letter of Intent (LoI) dalam rangka kesepakatan dengan IMF pada 15 Januari 1998. LoI ini mengoreksi semua kebijakan pemda dan pusat yang mendistorsi perekonomian melalui suatu program deregulasi, termasuk penghapusan pembatasan perdagangan antar wilayah. Krisis moneter yang berlanjut pada krisis ekonomi telah memaksa pemerintah pusat dan daerah untuk melaksanakan kedua instrumen itu secara bersungguh-sungguh. Berbagai jenis pungutan dihapus dan kebijakan yang mengganggu pasar dihentikan. Hasil dari kedua kebijakan itu berdampak positif pada iklim usaha, termasuk perbaikan penghasilan petani. Tetapi, di sisi lain pemerintah daerah menganggap bahwa kebijakan itu memangkas sumber PAD. Oleh karena itu, muncul tuntutan dari banyak pemda agar pemerintah pusat merevisi UU No.18, 1997. Tuntutan ini makin diperkuat oleh adanya kebijakan baru tentang desentralisasi dan otonomi daerah sebagaimana diatur dalam UU No. 22, 1999 tentang Pemerintah Daerah dan UU No. 25, 1999 tentang Perimbangan Keuangan Antara Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah. Pemerintah pusat kemudian menyetujui tuntutan tersebut dengan mengeluarkan UU No. 34, 2000 sebagai revisi atas UU No. 18, 1997. UU baru ini memberi kesempatan lebih luas bagi daerah untuk mengeluarkan perda tentang pajak dan retribusi, meskipun (secara teoritis) tetap dibatasi oleh berbagai persyaratan ketat. Pelaksanaan UU No. 22, 1999 dan UU No. 25, 1999 yang didukung oleh suasana reformasi telah meningkatkan semangat berotonomi di daerah, terlebih-lebih di kabupaten dan kota. Aparat pemda cenderung melihat PAD sebagai sumber utama keberhasilan otonomi; karena itu berbagai usaha dilakukan untuk meningkatkan PAD. Dalam realisasinya, semangat pemda membuat perda tentang pajak dan retribusi muncul kembali. Keinginan pihak eksekutif menciptakan berbagai pajak dan retribusi daerah, cenderung mudah mendapat dukungan dari pihak Dewan peerwakilan Rakyat Daerah (DPRD) terutama karena biaya operasional dewan, termasuk gaji mereka, bergantung pada PAD. Di beberapa daerah semangat pemda untuk meningkatkan PAD ini makin tinggi setelah daerah melihat bahwa dana alokasi umum (DAU) kurang memenuhi kebutuhan pemda. Selama ini DAU diharapkan menyediakan juga dana untuk pembangunan daerah. Namun dalam kenyataannya banyak kabupaten menerima DAU yang jumlahnya hanya cukup untuk membiayai kegiatan birokrasinya (gaji pegawai dan biaya operasional). Dalam mengamati dinamika pelaksanaan otonomi daerah dan dampaknya terhadap iklim usaha, Tim SMERU melakukan penelitian di Propinsi Sumatera Utara. Selain tingkat propinsi, tim juga mengunjungi tiga kabupaten, yaitu Karo, Simalungun dan Deli Serdang. Hasil penelitian ini mencatat bahwa Pemda Sumut belum merumuskan rancangan peraturan daerah (raperda) baru tentang pajak dan retribusi. Mereka masih sibuk dengan raperda tentang struktur organisasinya. Selain itu Pemda Sumut masih menunggu peraturan teknis yang mendukung pelaksanaan desentralisasi dan otonomi daerah yang sampai sekarang masih banyak yang belum keluar. Pemda Sumut enggan mengeluarkan perda yang belum jelas petunjuknya. Sebab kalau kemudian perda tersebut ternyata bertentangan dengan peraturan perundangan yang dikeluarkan pusat, maka proses perbaikannya akan memerlukan banyak dana dan waktu. Pemda Sumut berusaha meningkatkan penghasilan daerah dengan cara memperoleh bagi hasil dari keuntungan Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) yang beroperasi di daerahnya, terutama dari PT Perkebunan Nasional (PTPN) dan sumbangan khusus dari perusahaan perkebunan besar swasta (PPBS). Selama ini, kegiatan perkebunan merupakan kebanggaan Propinsi Sumut, tetapi belum dianggap memberi sumbangan yang berarti bagi penerimaan daerah karena pajak yang harus dibayar, termasuk pajak pertambahan nilai usaha perkebunan, hampir semuanya diterima oleh pusat. Sebaliknya, di tingkat kabupaten, sejak keluarnya kebijakan baru tentang otonomi daerah pemda mulai memikirkan usaha meningkatkan PAD. Mereka menganggap kunci keberhasilan pelaksanaan otonomi daerah tergantung pada kemampuan keuangannya, terutama yang bersumber dari PAD. Oleh karena itu, pemda kabupaten sangat aktif menciptakan berbagai peraturan daerah (perda) tentang pajak dan retribusi. Di tiga kabupaten yang dikunjungi, Tim SMERU melihat perbedaan tingkat status penyusunan perda-perda tersebut. Kabupaten Deli Serdang sudah mengesahkan perda-perda baru dan sedang bersiap-siap untuk memberlakukannya. Kabupaten Simalungun sudah memiliki perda yang sudah disyahkan DPRD, tetapi belum diundangkan dalam Lembaran Daerah. Sementara itu, Pemda Kabupaten Karo masih pada tahap penyusunan konsep raperda. Walaupun tingkatan implementasinya berbeda, tetapi kesan umum yang diperoleh dari observasi ini bahwa kabupaten dan kota di Sumut tengah berusaha keras menambah PAD dengan menciptakan berbagai penerimaan pajak dan retribusi daerah. Dalam enam bulan ke depan diperkirakan semua perda baru yang menyangkut pajak dan retribusi daerah sudah akan disahkan dan siap untuk diberlakukan di semua kabupaten dan kota. Sejauh ini Tim SMERU belum melihat adanya langkah nyata pemda, baik propinsi maupun kabupaten dan kota, di Sumut untuk menerbitkan kebijakan yang bersifat mengatur tataniaga komoditi tertentu. Penjelasan yang diberikan oleh para pejabat Pemda Kabupaten Deli Serdang mengenai alasan atas penerbitan perda-perda baru tentang pajak dan retribusi daerah adalah:
Semangat tinggi dalam melaksanakan otonomi di beberapa daerah mendorong pemda melahirkan berbagai peraturan yang kerapkali mengabaikan perundangan yang lebih tinggi. Ketika UU No. 18, 1997 masih berlaku, dengan dalih otonomi daerah beberapa pemda mulai berani mengabaikan begitu saja UU pemerintah pusat tersebut (lihat butir 4 di atas). Suasana seperti ini harus dicermati dengan usaha penegakan peraturan perundangan secara tegas. Pemerintah pusat telah berusaha ke arah itu, tetapi menurut berbagai pihak di daerah, beberapa peraturan pelaksanaan tentang otonomi daerah yang dibuat pusat tidak sejalan satu sama lain, bahkan mengebiri peraturan lain yang lebih tinggi. Misalnya, Keppres No.95, 2000 yang menarik kembali sektor pertanahan sebagai kewenangan wajib kabupaten dan kota melanggar Pasal 11 Ayat 2 UU No. 22, 1999. Jadi dalam menyusun perdanya langkah-langkah yang dilakukan pemda sedikit banyak telah "belajar" dari cara pemerintah pusat memperlakukan peraturan perundangan. Terlepas dari ketidakkonsistenan di atas, Tim SMERU menengarai adanya kecenderungan yang mengkhawatirkan jika pemda kembali memberlakukan regulasi secara berlebihan, karena akan menciptakan situasi ekonomi biaya tinggi. Beban dari berbagai perda baru itu pada akhirnya akan jatuh terutama di pundak petani, pedagang, produser kecil, dan konsumer. DAFTAR ISI SUMMARY RINGKASAN I. PENDAHULUAN II. EVOLUSI SEPUTAR REGULASI
III. AWAL IMPLEMENTASI OTONOMI DAERAH:
IV. KECENDERUNGAN DI ERA OTONOMI DAFTAR BACAAN LAMPIRAN |
The findings, views, and interpretations published in this report are those of
the authors and should not be attributed to the SMERU Research Institute
or any of the agencies providing financial support to SMERU.
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