SMERU Publication

Research Report
Topic: Decentralization and Regional Autonomy

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The State of Local Governance and Public Services in the Decentralized Indonesia in 2006:
Findings from the Governance and Decentralization Survey 2 (GDS2)

Wenefrida Widyanti, Asep Suryahadi

Editor:
Kate Weatherley

ABSTRACT

The Governance and Decentralization Survey (GDS) aims to evaluate the implementation of local governance and decentralization policy in Indonesia. The GDS was designed to initiate a database that will be used for the evaluation. Similar to the previous GDS rounds, the GDS2 is an integrated survey of households, public health and education facilities, private health practitioners, hamlet heads (kepala dusun), and district- and village-level officials. In total, around 32,000 respondents were interviewed and it was implemented in 133 districts.

This report provides an assessment of many aspects of household access to public services, especially health, education, and public administration, from both the supply and demand side. Other social aspects are also included in the analysis, such as conditions of security, social and political participation, and conflict. In addition, the GDS2 incorporates an assessment of the central government’s program related to the reduction in the fuel price subsidy, known as the Fuel Subsidy Reduction Compensation Program (PKPS-BBM). The survey analysis is disaggregated by three World Bank projects, namely the Support for Poor and Disadvantaged Areas Project (SPADA), Initiatives for Local Governance Reform Project (ILGRP), and Urban Sector Development and Reform Program (USDRP), which were accommodated in the GDS2 sampling design.

Keywords: governance, decentralization, PKPS-BBM assessment

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
GLOSSARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
I. OVERVIEW

1.1 Background
1.2 Objectives of the GDS2

II. ASSESSING GOVERNANCE AND DECENTRALIZATION: DATA AND METHOD

2.1 Review of GDS1 and GDS1+
2.2 GDS2 Sampling and Analysis Method
2.3 Review of SPADA, ILGRP, and USDRP Projects
2.4 Sample Household Characteristics

III. SERVICE DELIVERY

3.1 Access to Public Services
3.2 Access to Education Services
3.3 Access to Health Services
3.4 Village Administration Service
3.5 Access to Information
3.6 Police Services
3.7 Conflict and Securities
3.8 Participation and Social Capital
3.9 Politics

IV. GOVERNANCE

4.1 Transparency and Information
4.2 Corruption

V. SERVICE DELIVERY AT EDUCATION AND HEALTH FACILITIES

5.1 Provision of Services and their Costs
5.2. Staff Availability
5.3 Condition of Facilities
5.4 Availability of Medicines, Vaccines, and Contraceptives at Puskesmas
5.5 Minimum Standards of Service (MSS)
5.6 School Outcomes

VI. ACCOUNTABILITY OF HEALTH AND EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

6.1 Involvement of Health and Education Institution Heads in Decision-making Processes
6.2 Final Decision-making

VII. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RECENT GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS

7.1 The Unconditional Cash Transfer (SLT) Program
7.2 The School Operational Assistance (BOS) Program
7.3 The Health Insurance for Poor Families (Askeskin) Program
7.4 The Village Infrastructure (IP) Program

VIII. CONCLUSION
APPENDICES

Appendix A: Auxiliary Information
Appendix B: Governance and Service Delivery in SPADA Areas
Appendix C: Governance and Service Delivery in ILGRP Areas
Appendix D: Governance and Service Delivery in USDRP Areas

Go to English version

Kondisi Tata Kelola Pemerintahan dan Layanan Publik pada Era Desentralisasi di Indonesia pada 2006:
Temuan Survei Tata Kelola Pemerintahan dan Desentralisasi 2 (GDS2)

Wenefrida Widyanti, Asep Suryahadi

Penerjemah:
Justin Sodo

Editor:
Liza Hadiz

ABSTRAK

Survei Tata Kelola Pemerintahan dan Desentralisasi (GDS) bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pelaksanaan tata kelola pemerintahan daerah dan kebijakan desentralisasi. GDS dirancang untuk memprakarsai pangkalan data yang akan digunakan dalam evaluasi tersebut. Mirip dengan rangkaian GDS sebelumnya, GDS2 ini merupakan perpaduan dari survei rumah tangga, fasilitas kesehatan dan pendidikan publik, praktik kesehatan swasta, kepala dusun, dan pejabat tingkat desa/kelurahan dan kabupaten/kota. Survei ini dilaksanakan di 133 kabupaten/kota dan secara total, sekitar 32.000 responden diwawancarai.

Laporan ini mengetengahkan evaluasi terhadap berbagai aspek akses rumah tangga kepada layanan publik, terutama kesehatan, pendidikan, dan administrasi publik, baik dari sisi permintaan maupun penawaran. Aspek sosial lain juga dibahas dalam analisis ini, seperti kondisi keamanan, partisipasi sosial dan politik, dan konflik. Selain itu, GDS2 juga mencakup evaluasi program Pemerintah Pusat yang terkait dengan Program Kompensasi Pengurangan Subsidi Bahan Bakar Minyak (PKPS-BBM). Analisis survei dipilah menurut tiga proyek Bank Dunia, yakni Proyek Bantuan bagi Daerah Miskin dan Tertinggal (SPADA); Proyek Prakarsa Pembaruan Tata Kelola Pemerintahan Daerah/P2PTD (ILGRP); dan Program Pembaruan dan Pembangunan Sektor Perkotaan (USDRP), yang diakomodasi dalam rancangan penetapan sampel GDS2.

Kata kunci: tata kelola pemerintahan, desentralisasi, evaluasi PKPS-BBM

DAFTAR ISI

ABSTRAK
DAFTAR ISI
DAFTAR TABEL
DAFTAR GAMBAR
DAFTAR SINGKATAN DAN AKRONIM
RANGKUMAN EKSEKUTIF
I. TINJAUAN UMUM

1.1 Latar Belakang
1.2 Tujuan GDS2

II. MENELAAH TATA KELOLA PEMERINTAHAN DAN DESENTRALISASI: DATA DAN METODE

2.1 Tinjauan Umum tentang GDS1 dan GDS1+
2.2 Penetapan Sampel dan Metode Analisis GDS2
2.3 Tinjauan terhadap Proyek SPADA, ILGRP, dan USDRP
2.4 Karakteristik Sampel Rumah Tangga

III. PENYEDIAAN LAYANAN

3.1 Akses kepada Layanan Publik
3.2 Akses kepada Layanan Pendidikan
3.3 Akses kepada Layanan Kesehatan
3.4 Layanan Administrasi Desa/Kelurahan
3.5 Akses kepada Informasi
3.6 Layanan Kepolisian
3.7 Konflik dan Keamanan
3.8 Partisipasi dan Modal Sosial
3.9 Politik

IV. TATA KELOLA PEMERINTAHAN

4.1 Transparansi dan Informasi
4.2 Korupsi

V. PENYEDIAAN LAYANAN FASILITAS KESEHATAN DAN PENDIDIKAN

5.1 Penyediaan Layanan dan Biayanya
5.2 Ketersediaan Staf
5.3 Kondisi Fasilitas
5.4 Ketersediaan Obat, Vaksin, dan Alat Kontrasepsi di Puskesmas
5.5 Standar Pelayanan Minimal (SPM)
5.6 Pencapaian Pendidikan

VI. AKUNTABILITAS INSTITUSI KESEHATAN DAN PENDIDIKAN

6.1 Keterlibatan Kepala Institusi Kesehatan dan Kepala Institusi Pendidikan dalam Pengambilan Keputusan
6.2 Pengambilan Keputusan Akhir

VII. PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM PEMERINTAH YANG BARU-BARU INI DICANANGKAN

7.1 Program Subsidi Langsung Tunai (SLT)
7.2 Program Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS)
7.3 Program Asuransi Kesehatan bagi Keluarga Miskin (Askeskin)
7.4 Program Infrastruktur Pedesaan (IP)

VIII. KESIMPULAN
APENDIKS

Apendiks A: Informasi Tambahan
Apendiks B: Tata Kelola Pemerintahan dan Penyediaan Layanan Publik di Wilayah SPADA
Apendiks C: Tata Kelola Pemerintahan dan Penyediaan Layanan Publik di Wilayah ILGRP
Apendiks D: Tata Kelola Pemerintahan dan Penyediaan Layanan Publik di Wilayah USDRP