SMERU Indonesia

SMERU n Monitoring the Social Crisis in Indonesia n No. 09 / January-April 2000

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Pelayanan Kesehatan Selama Masa Krisis
Health Services During the Crisis

 

There will always be those occasions when we fall sick or are in need of urgent medical attention. Sometimes this is just a routine consultation with the local doctor, but occasionally there is need for treatment at a hospital or the purchase of expensive medicine at a dispensary. The expenses incurred on such occasions have always been a problem for the less-privileged members of society. Consequently, one area of concern for SMERU over recent months has been the impact of the crisis on primary health care. In particular we have been interested to see how effective the government's Social Safety Net Program in the health field has been in enabling poor families to access basic services.

Selalu akan ada saat ketika kita jatuh sakit atau harus segera berobat. Kadang-kadang hanya konsultasi rutin dengan dokter setempat, tetapi mungkin juga diperlukan perawatan di Rumah Sakit, atau harus menebus resep yang mahal harganya di apotik. Biaya-biaya yang harus dikeluarkan pada saat-saat seperti itu selalu menjadi masalah bagi anggota masyarakat yang tidak mampu. Karena itu, salah satu perhatian SMERU selama beberapa bulan lalu adalah seputar dampak krisis terhadap pelayanan kesehatan dasar. SMERU terutama berkepentingan untuk mengetahui efektivitas program pemerintah Jaring Pengaman Sosial (JPS) di bidang kesehatan dalam memberikan akses pelayanan kesehatan dasar kepada keluarga-keluarga miskin.

Late last year our team of field researchers visited a number of locations in West Sumatra, Central and East Java, and South Sulawesi where we interviewed many members of the local community and a range of health care providers. Some of the key findings from our rapid appraisal are as follows:
  • The distribution of Health Cards to the poorest families in the community to enable them to receive free medical treatment at community health centres and public hospitals has been of considerable assistance to many people.
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Profil suatu keluarga yang baru saja menerima Kartu Sehat di Kecamatan Somba Opu, Kabupaten Gowa, Sulawesi Selatan
A family who had recently received a Health Card in Kecamatan Somba Opu, Kabupaten Gowa, South Sulawesi.

Pada akhir tahun lalu Tim peneliti SMERU mengunjungi beberapa lokasi di Sumatra Barat, Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur, serta Sulawesi Selatan untuk mewawancarai sejumlah anggota masyarakat setempat dan para petugas kesehatan. Temuan penting pengamatan cepat kami antara lain adalah:
  • Distribusi Kartu Sehat kepada keluarga-keluarga yang paling miskin yang memungkinkan mereka memperoleh pengobatan medis gratis di Puskesmas dan Rumah Sakit Umum telah cukup membantu banyak keluarga.
  • However, many poor families have not received Health Cards even though they are technically eligible. Too many people remain confused or simply do not know how the Health Card scheme is intended to work. Who is entitled to receive a card? What benefits does it provide? Which members of the family are covered by the card and for how long? There is an urgent need for more public information about the program to overcome such problems.
  • Namun, banyak keluarga miskin belum menerima Kartu Sehat meskipun secara teknis mereka berhak. Banyak anggota masyarakat masih bingung atau tidak mengerti bagaimana seharusnya cara kerja Kartu Sehat. Siapa yang berhak menerima? Apa manfaatnya? Siapa saja anggota keluarga yang dapat memanfaatkan kartu dan berlaku untuk berapa lama? Masyarakat umum masih memerlukan lebih banyak informasi mengenai program ini untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah di atas.

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Sepasang orang tua dari Kecamatan Somba Opu telah terpilih sebagai pemegang Kartu Sehat. Sekalipun target ini memenuhi sasaran, penggunaan kartu tidak terlalu bermanfaat karena keduanya terlalu tua dan lemah untuk pergi ke Puskesmas sendiri.
An elderly couple from Kecamatan Somba Opu, Kabupaten Gowa in South Sulawesi, selected as Health Cardholders. Although they met the criteria, the card was not very useful because both were too old and too weak to travel to the nearest Puskesmas alone.

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Keluarga yang terdiri dari empat orang ini adalah salah satu dari mereka yang berhak menerima Kartu Sehat di Kabupaten Pasaman, Sumatra Barat
This family of four was one of those eligible to receive a Health Card in Kecamatan Pasaman, West Sumatra.

  • Most community health centres and polyclinics in urban areas have experienced a rise in the number of patients during the crisis period. But in some rural and more remote areas, poor families have struggled to access these services. Distance and transport costs, which have risen sharply during the crisis, have been a barrier. In such circumstances, people are forced to find cheaper and less effective alternatives such as medicines from the local warung. Many communities also still rely heavily on the services provided by traditional healers.
  • Kebanyakan Puskesmas dan Poliklinik di wilayah perkotaan selama masa krisis mengalami kenaikan jumlah pasien. Tetapi di beberapa daerah perdesaan dan daerah terpencil keluarga-keluarga yang kurang mampu harus berjuang keras untuk memperoleh layanan kesehatan tersebut. Jarak dan biaya transportasi yang meningkat tinggi selama krisis telah menjadi hambatan utama. Dalam keadaan seperti itu masyarakat terpaksa mencari pengobatan alternatif yang lebih murah tetapi kurang efektif, misalnya membeli obat di warung. Banyak juga masyarakat yang masih sangat tergantung pada pelayanan dukun tradisional.

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Banyak pasien pemegang Kartu Sehat bergerombol antri di depan salah satu Puskesmas di daerah perkotaan Kecamatan Somba Opu, Kabupaten Gowa, Sulawesi Selatan. Setelah ada Kartu Sehat, jumlah kunjungan pasien meningkat hingga 200 orang per hari.
A big crowd of Health Card patients in front of a Puskesmas in an urban center in Kecamatan Somba Opu, Kabupaten Gowa, South Sulawesi. The number of visits to this Puskesmas has increased by as many as 200 patients per day after Health Cards were introduced in this area.

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Di daerah terpencil di Kabupaten Gowa jumlah pengunjung Puskesmas rendah. Secara umum masyarakat masih sangat menghargai dan mempercayai dukun tradisionil.
The number of visits to Puskesmas has remained low in the remote areas of Kabupaten Gowa. In general, traditional or alternative healers are still held in high regard by the community in this area.

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Sebuah Polindes di Desa Guntur, Kecamatan Bener di daerah pegunungan Purworejo. Tidak hanya wanita hamil dan anak-anak saja yang mengunjungi Polindes, bapak-bapak yang merasa tidak enak badan setelah bekerja di sawah juga singgah untuk berobat kepada Ibu Bidan.
A Polindes in Desa Guntur, Kecamatan Bener, in the mountainous area of Purworejo in Central Java. Not only pregnant women and children came visited this health facility; men who were feeling ill after working in the sawah stopped by to seek treatment from the Village Midwife.

  • The village midwives have been at the forefront of primary health care throughout Indonesia for some time. There has already been a heavy demand on their time as they have been required to carry out a wide range of duties. However the health SSN program has imposed an additional burden on these women, especially since they have been made responsible for much of the administration and reporting that is required by the health bureaucracy. Some of the impressions from the SMERU team are displayed in the attached photographs from our visit to various locations. n SMERU Crisis Impact Team
  • Selama ini Bidan Desa telah menjadi front terdepan pelayanan kesehatan dasar di Indonesia. Mereka dituntut untuk memberikan waktu dan perhatian yang tinggi karena mereka harus melaksanakan serentetan tugas. Program JPS Kesehatan telah menambah beban Bidan Desa, terutama karena mereka bertanggung jawab atas sebagian besar urusan administrasi dan pelaporan yang dibutuhkan oleh birokrasi kesehatan.

Berikut ini adalah beberapa foto dari hasil pengamatan Tim SMERU ketika berkunjung ke lapangan. n

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Masyarakat perkotaan di Kecamatan Somba Opu, sangat tertarik pada kegiatan-kegiatan yang diadakan di Posyandu. Terdapat peningkatan nyata jumlah kunjungan pasien segera setelah Posyandu mulai mendistribusikan makanan tambahan, misalnya tepung beras merah dan kacang kedelai untuk anak-anak dan ibu-ibu hamil.
Many members of the urban community in Kecamatan Somba Opu, Kabupaten Gowa, in South Sulawesi have been attracted by activities held at the local Posyandu. There was a significant increase in the number of visits soon after the Posyandu started distributing supplementary foods such as brown rice flour and soy beans for children under five and pregnant mothers.

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Salah satu contoh Puskesmas yang mempunyai 2 loket, satu untuk pemegang Kartu Sehat, dan yang lainnya untuk pasien umum. Penerima Kartu Sehat tidak malu-malu untuk mendatangi loket yang terpisah.
An example of a Puskesmas with 2 counters, one for Health Cardholders and the other one for general patients. The recipients of the Health Cards did not hesitate to use a separate counter.

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